Trade Liberalization And Increased Transparency Essay

place institutions that support market liberalization and increased transparency. As argued by Drabek and Baccheta (2004), WTO membership eventually enhances good governance by upholding the rule law, contract enforcement and makes countries to have a strong judicial system. Other elements such as culture and group norms have fundamentally transformed how international organizations or governments shape their motivations and thus, the governing process is controlled by multiple entities with varying interest (Denhardt and Denhardt, 2015). If any country wants to be a part of the international community, they will have no choice but to conform to WTO’s stipulations and adapt to the ever evolving global system. Policy making and economic conditions in WTO member states have changed drastically over the last two decades because the two elements are heavily influenced by forces of globalization. Consequently, globalization has created the necessary need that has allowed for a fr ee flow of ideas and practices all the world which in the process affects the biopolitical and geopolitical areas of powerful states. That has heightened the need for the trans nationalization of services and goods across the global (Sidhu 2007). Having been founded on the premises of transparency and rules based regulatory regime, the WTO has failed at many levels to lead by example in the way it operationalizes it services. In fact, neoclassical economic policies are for most part practicedShow MoreRelatedThe Two Eras of Globalization and Trade1112 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization and Trade: Since the mid of the Nineteenth century particularly after the end of the cold war, Globalization has become the catchphrase that attracts everybody. However Globalization is a complex concept to be defined, there are many different definitions of Globalization. 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Downfall Of Financial Companies From Fraud - 2327 Words

Downfall of Financial Companies from Fraud ¬ Diamond Howell Savannah State University Abstract Many financial companies fail for various reasons that include fraud and the manipulation of assets within the company. The research done in the paper will discuss financial companies that have been affected because of fraud and the way they are ran. This will show how companies develop their organization amongst the managers and create communication throughout the Company. Also, there will be knowledge of competitive teams and what the companies bring to the table about while sustaining that business. Another way fraud develops is through the Shareholders in the company and how they control the stocks and make them†¦show more content†¦Was there more pressure under influence or was there just an open opportunity to make a rational decision? Keywords: Fraud, Internal Managers, External Managers, Shareholder/Stockholders, Internal/External Fraud, Managerial Quality and Misappropriation Introduction Fraud by definition can be a lot of things when it involves malicious and dishonoring actions. It has anything to do with misappropriations or even have knowledge of the wrong appropriation, a single or group can achieve. Extortion by definition can be a great deal of things when it includes vindictive and disrespecting activities. It has anything to do with misappropriations or even know about the wrong appointment, a solitary or gathering can accomplish. These describe the elements of how fraud can be affected and taken into account of harming the company. The early cautioning indications of misrepresentation are, as a rule, constantly overlooked. There are cautioning signs for each kind of misrepresentation out there. The individual submitting the extortion is continually searching for monetary profit. There are numerous sorts of misrepresentation out there. You have Medicare extortion, web misrepresentation, contract extortion, credit misrepresentation, charge extortion, theft, and phony and protection misrepresentation. Some approaches to avert stock extortion would be to, tests for amounts,

Project Management Right Materials

Question: Discuss about theProject Managementfor Right Materials. Answer: Introduction Success is a three legged stool, the legs being, right materials, right support and the dedicated, goal focused effort. (Kerzner,2015), all three are equally important for success. The project mangers provide right resources, the manpower, his time, dedication and sincere efforts to make a project success. Projects that are financed by external sources are very difficult to manage. It is difficult to raise funds from external sources like, banks, creditors and investors, external funding is only good for organizations that were already successful in previous projects, external funding is difficult for new comers. Generally age does not determine whether an executive can accept a project, it depends upon his, her qualification, experience and expertise. (Kerzner,2015) If the executive fulfills all the criteria he or she can accept the project. Inefficiency in functional lines definitely affects the project, in such case the project manger informs the top management regarding the ineff iciency. (Sohi, et.al, 2016) The project managers are allowed to establish prerequisites regarding the standard project procedures. If there is no requirement of in-house representatives in a project, project sponsors can remove them from their company. When the project manager focuses too much on managing than on the goals and objectives of the project, project management turns into over management. The duty of program manger is to provide the change proposal, coordination and finally reporting the project progress. References , A. J., Hertogh, M., Bosch-Rekveldt, M., Blom, R. (2016). Does Lean Agile Project Management Help Coping with Project Complexity?.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,226, 252-259. Sohi Kerzner, H. (2015).Project Management 2.0. John Wiley Sons.

Terms of reference Essay Example

Terms of reference Essay The assistant to the Manager of the marketing department of Dyson have been asked to write a report that describes the concept of market segmentation with suggestion on how Dyson could segment its markets, an outline of the new product development process along with suggestions of how Dyson should apply these stages and concluding with an explanation of how Dyson can perform their marketing control.ProcedureThis report is fully based on secondary data, primarily from the course literature but also other internet based sources.FindingsThis report will systematically explain the concept of market segmentation together with examples of how Dyson can segment its markets. This will be followed by a stage outline of the new product development process accompanied by my suggestions on how Dyson should apply these stages. Finally, a descriptive scenario of how Dyson might control and monitor its performance will follow.Levels of market segmentationMass marketingA company using this strategy does not segment the market at all; it offers the same product and uses the same promotion for all consumers. This method has often been used by companies with mass production of convenience products or by companies with few or none competitors. Mass marketing is associated with low promotion costs often reflected by a low price.Segment marketingThis involves the process of dividing the market into categories with different characteristics and needs. By doing this a company can adapt all their offerings towards the needs of one or more different segments, in order to better fulfil these needs. The advantages are that a company can target the segments of which they best can match the consumer needs or those segments with the least number of competitors.Niche marketingA niche is basically a sub-segment which often has unique characteristics and special needs. Niches often search for special features, for which they are prepared to pay for. This puts companies using niche marketing und er pressure since they have to achieve great understanding of its customers needs. Since the niches are rather small, the competition will also be smaller and this can create opportunities for small companies to serve customer needs that others have not recognised.MicromarketingMicromarketing is concerned with specially design their marketing mix to meet the needs and tastes of particular locations or individuals.Local marketing aims to meet the needs and wants of a specific geographical location. This method can be used by both small local enterprises as well as large corporations. However, for the large corporations this is often associated with higher costs due to diminishing economies of scale. Another problem is that a chain of stores that offers different products can be confusing for the consumers. The advantages are that it enables companies to meet the needs and wants that differs between different countries and regions.Individual marketing is concerned with tailoring produ cts after the unique preferences of individual costumers. Traditionally this method has been used by small companies such as shoe makers or tailors, but new technologies have enabled large companies to conduct mass customisation. Mass customisation is when a company can offer a large number of consumers to design their own product and is made possible via the internet.Segmenting consumer marketsDyson would probably use segment marketing, the segmentation bases will be explained and suggestions will follow on how Dyson could use these bases.Geographic segmentationA market can be divided by using different geographical areas as a base. These bases can be regions, countries, cities, population density and climate. People in different geographical areas have different needs and wants due to differences in values, lifestyles and habits.Dyson: Every household needs a vacuum cleaner, however not everyone can afford one. Dyson should focus on rich developed countries and also emerging new e conomies.Demographic segmentationThis is when you divide the market by using variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, family size, life-cycle stage, income, education, occupation and religion. This is one of the most popular ways of segmenting since customer wants and needs are often related ton variables such as age, gender and income and this data is often easily accessible.Age: The needs and wants of consumers change as they get older although they still want to consume the same product. By offering different design, packaging and promotion, the same product can appeal to different age groups.Life-cycle stage: As with age, people within the different life-cycle stages demand the same core product although with different attributes. The holiday industry is a good example where people in different life-cycle stages demands different attributes such as the range of activities available on their holiday destination.Gender: This is a very common segmentation base since we demand the same core products such as clothes and magazines but with different styles.Income: This is a very important base since there is no need in doing marketing efforts towards people that can not afford luxury products. It can also be very useful to market your product towards those with a low income. There is also a link between income and social class in which people tend to create a norm about what products are agreeable to own.Dyson: The focus should primarily lie on women older than 25 who in most cases are married with children. However, the technical aspects of the product should also appeal to men. Dyson is a rather up-market brand and this is reflected in its prices, hence the consumers ought to have middle to high income which often derives from a high level of education.Geodemographic segmentationThis is basically a segmentation base which studies the demographics of geographical locations. The first system was ACORN, but it has been followed by a range of others.Psychographic segmentationSince people who belong to the same demographic group can have different lifestyles, personalities or belong to different social classes marketers can divide the market in psychographic segments.Social class: People are influenced, in the decision phase of consumption, by other people in their social class. Certain goods can often be perceived as a norm within different social classes.Lifestyle: This involves classifying people based on their values, opinions, beliefs and interests. There are different classification models which facilitates categorisation based on the variables above.Personality: Another method is to provide the products with a sense of personality that matches the personality of the target segment.Dyson: Once again the pricing of the product should attract costumers in middle to upper class, i.e. social classes A, B and C1 in The National Readership Survey (examstutor.com). The extreme design and technical features appeals to the aspirer, succeeder an d explorer in the Young Rubicans 4Cs (examstutor.com). One important segment for Dyson is those with allergies or dust sensitivity.Behavioural segmentationMarkets can also be divided based on how they respond to, use or know a product.Occasions: This group is divided on the basis of when they decide to buy, when the purchase is done and when the product is used.Benefits sought: This requires the marketers to recognise the different benefits that customers seek to gain from the product. Once different benefit groups have been acknowledged they can be sub divided through demographic, behavioural and psychographic characteristics. This can be used to clarify and enhance those attributes of the product that is sought by target costumers.Usage: Another way to segment a market is by dividing it into non-users, ex-users, potential users, first-time users and regular users. Different marketing can be used for attracting new users or lure current users from competitors.Consumers can also be divided through the amount of their usage. It is often recognised that heavy-users only represents a small share of the market but consumes a high percentage of total consumption.Loyalty: Buyers can be completely loyal and buy the same brand all the time or they can be loyal to a small number of different brands or they can show no brand loyalty at all. These all call for different types of marketing efforts. It is common for companies to focus their efforts towards those segments where the loyal customers can be found and withheld instead of those who does not show any brand loyalty at all.Buyer-readiness stage: People have different awareness and information about the product and are also at different stages of the buyers decision process, which has implications for the marketing efforts.Attitudes towards product: Different attitudes towards the product also call for different measures, since you do not want to aggravate those with negative attitudes, upset or bore potential cust omers. The basic idea is to strengthen positive attitudes and reverse negative ones.Dyson: Dysons products are shopping products which are not bought frequently and only after comparison and consideration. Those buying a Dyson look for quality, performance and design. Dyson can probably attract all of the different user status and the level of usage will depend on the demographics especially family size. Dyson has probably not been around long enough to have established a large group of loyal customers since it is a very infrequent purchase but the high performance of its products ought to create loyalty. The nature of the product is such that the most important stages in buyer-readiness are to create awareness and knowledge of the product and also allow the customers to make an informed conviction.New-product development processNew-product strategyA clear and distinct new-product strategy is important to a successful development process since it gives guidelines and directions, it enables integration between departments, and it facilitates delegation of tasks and also permits managers to agree on proactive strategies. This can be enabled by doing a product innovation charter (PIC) which explains the reasons and the need for innovation and also the goals and objectives.Dyson: The main goals should be to create a washing machine that gives the same results as hand wash but faster and with larger loads than normal washing machines.Idea generationThe PIC is very useful when organising a systematic search for new-product ideas, since an unorganised idea generation is not as helpful. This stage of the process is not only about generating many ideas; they should also be good ideas which are oriented towards the companys goals and objectives. To ensure this the company can introduce an ideas system management, which collects reviews and evaluates the ideas. In order for the company to generate these ideas they can consult many different sources.Internal sources: New ideas can be generated from the companys formal research and development department. They can also encourage their employees to come with new ideas through different programs and schemes. The level of encouragement for employees to generate new ideas can be seen as a cultural artefact.Customers: Analysing customers questions and complaints can generate new ideas. A company can also conduct surveys to learn more about the consumers needs and wants or they can involve customers in the development process. Sometimes lead consumers develops new products on their own since they are the most advanced users and are able to identify improvements before others.Competitors: Companies can analyse competing products or services by either survey consumer opinions about competitors products or they can analyse the competing product themselves and analyse its sales records.Distributors, suppliers and others: Distributors are often in more close contact with the market and can more easily and regul arly obtain consumer information and opinions. Suppliers can inform about new techniques or raw materials that opens up new possibilities for product development.Dyson: Dyson should appoint at least one person in charge of collecting and evaluating new ideas, this person should also communicate the goals and objectives that the new ideas are supposed to solve. The R;D department must be put to work with these goals and objectives in mind. Dyson should together with their distributors investigate the consumers opinions about current washing machines and also conduct surveys in order to find out what attributes the consumers value the most and which improvements they would like to see. They should also try to find benchmark values from competitors regarding performance and functions.Idea screeningThe main purpose of screening is to recognise good ideas and get rid of the poor ones. Since product development is very expensive it is important to only proceed with those ideas that can be come profitable. The company should set up criteria for those ideas which passes the screening process such as, is the product useful to consumers, in line with company objectives and strategies, more valuable to consumers than competing products and does the company have the necessary resources?Dyson: During this stage it is very important that representatives from all departments within the company are present in order to share ideas, problems and possible solutions. Those new-product ideas chosen should be realistic and achievable.Concept development and testingAt this stage the idea has become more specific and detailed in terms that are understandable for the consumers. Several concepts can be developed based on the same idea, and these are then tested with a selection of target consumers. After the target consumers have tested the new product their opinions about the product are collected and revised. These opinions can also help the company with rough estimates of potential sales figures.Dyson: Dyson should develop at least three different concepts upon the same foundational idea. This phase should produce a detailed description of features, functions, performance and preferably also a visual picture of the design. Once the descriptions are ready, a fairly large group of target consumers should be invited to review them and preferably undertake an interview where they also have the opportunity to ask questions since this might generate new angles.Marketing strategy developmentThis is basically where the company describes how they are planning to introduce its new product and achieve its objectives. This involves the making of a marketing strategy statement which is divided in to three parts. Firstly the target market and the product positioning are described along with the goals for the first couple of years concerning sales, market share and profit. Secondly the products planned price, distribution and marketing budget for the first year is described. Thirdly the long-run sales and profits are estimated and the products planned marketing mix.Dyson: The target market is high-educated, middle-to-high income families who appreciate quality, functionality and design. The washing machine will be positioned as the most efficient on the market with many extra features and a concern for sensitive skin and allergies. The aim for this product is to sell 50,000 machines the first year which corresponds to a market share of 3% and a profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22 million. In the second year the aim is to increase sale with 60%, reach a sales level of 80,000 machines, and gain a profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½45 million. The retail price will be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½999,99 and retailers will retain 13%. The washing machine will be sold by authorised and established retailers of white goods. The first year budget for advertising and promotion will be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12 million and will focus on the quality, performance and concern with skin sensitivity. An additional à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200,000 will be spent on after sale research to establish a picture of the behaviour and composition of the customers. The long-run target is to achieve a market share of 6% and annual profits of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½76 million.Business analysisIn this phase the company reviews sale history of similar products and conduct surveys in order to estimate projected sale volumes. Knowing these, the costs and profits can be estimated in order to assess the products profitability and attractiveness.Dyson: Compared to sales figures from earlier models and those of competitors the figures in the marketing strategy statement seem trustworthy and the new washing machine is therefore very attractive for further development.Product developmentIn this stage the product goes from being a concept to becoming a physical product. The companys R;D department tries to build the product and overcome all obstacles as cost efficiently as possible. When the prototype is ready it undergoes a lot of testing in order to ensure the performance of the product. When designing a product it is important to not only be concerned with fulfilling customer needs and wants but also the manufacturing aspects, which can lower costs and increase quality.Dyson: The R;D department at Dyson expects the prototype to be finished within five months and this will be followed by another two months of testing. This period will be very costly but a close collaboration with suppliers concerning new materials and techniques will keep the development costs within budget.Test marketingOnce the product is ready its entire market programme is to be tested in small scale in order to study the reactions of dealers and customers. This information can be used to alter the sales forecasts or the marketing efforts. Test marketing can be very expensive, but a faulty full launch can be disastrous. There are three common methods of test marketing.Standard test markets involve choosing a few test cities to launch a full mark eting campaign and measure the performance of the product. The results can be used to forecast profits or to adjust the campaign. The disadvantages of this method are that it is costly, can take long time and the campaign can be interfered by competitors who also gains early access to the new product.Controlled test markets are concerned with selecting a panel of stores who agrees to sell the new product for a fee. When doing this, the shelf location and space, promotions and price are all controlled and the sales are recorded in order to measure the impact of these factors. This can also be combined with a controlled panel of shoppers to whom special TV commercials are shown and all their shopping behaviour is recorded and analysed. This enables the company to measure the level of repeated purchases combined with the amount and type of promotion they are exposed to. This method takes less time but the product can still be examined by competitors.In Simulated test markets a group of sample consumers are shown ads and promotions, and then they are given money and become invited to either a real or artificial store. Whilst in the store they can buy whatever product they choose or they can buy nothing and keep the money. Their buying behaviour is recorded and followed up by a telephone interview. This method is also used for forecasting and adjustments and it is less time-consuming than the other two. It is also fairly inexpensive and the new products are not exposed to competitors, the problem is however that the sample sizes are small and therefore not considered to be as reliable.Dyson: Due to the nature of the product Dyson chooses to perform a modified version of simulated test markets. They will hire the premises of a few white goods retailers in different countries where they will supervise the behaviour of a group of test shoppers, whom later on are interviewed. This is done since Dyson does not want the new and revolutionary techniques in the new washing machine to be leaked to competitors prematurely.CommercialisationIf the test marketing has given good result, the next step is to launch the product. This is a costly procedure due to the extensive amount of marketing efforts and production investments needed. There are four major decisions to be taken before the launching.When?: The timing for the introduction should not jeopardize other of the companys products and macroeconomic factors should also be taken into consideration.Where?: This decision is related to how many and which regions, countries, cities etc to focus on. The company might not afford to launch its product throughout all desirable locations at once.To whom?: In those locations decided upon, the company need to target its marketing efforts towards the most desirable segments. They also need to target those who are most receptive to innovations and opinion leaders since they have great influence on others.How?: The company also needs to draw up a action plan concer ning budgeting, the marketing mix and various marketing efforts.Dyson: The launch will take place as soon as the test marketing results are revised since the economy is in an upturn which is good for this type of product and Dysons previous models are calculated to disappear out of the product range soon. The new washing machine will primarily be launched in those markets that are already strongly penetrated. Doing this they will especially target well-educated, middle-to-high income families who appreciate quality, functionality and design.Marketing ControlWhen launching the new washing machine Dyson calculated a market share of 3% during the first year, a sales level of 50,000 and a profit of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22million. When preparing for the marketing control of this new product they brake down the figures into quarterly estimations, i.e. setting standards. It was estimated that the market share would increase in the following pace: 1st quarter = 0,7%, 2nd quarter = 1.2%, 3rd quarter = 2% and 4th quarter = 3%. If these market shares where to be fulfilled Dyson should reach its target profit. The reason they choose market share as a standard is that it is related to the sales of the competitors.During the first year Dyson continually conducted research in order to collect data referring to their relative market share. The first two quarters where slightly below the forecasted figures, 0,67% and 1,14%, but Dyson did not find this particularly worrying. However, in the third quarter the research showed a rather large difference between forecast and actual results, the market share had barely reached 1,5%. Dyson concluded that this was caused by a general economic slowdown in Europe, of which shopping goods are fairly sensitive.Since the new washing machine was first launched in Europe due to the fact that Dyson had earlier been able to penetrate these markets more strongly they had decided to wait with their launch in the US and Asia. However, with the forecasted m arket share standards not meeting its target they decided to launch the washing machine in the US and Asia earlier than planned which turned out to succeed since in the second quarter of the second year their revised forecasted market share figures where exceeded.

Analysing Two Newspaper Articles Fronting The Same Subject Essays

Analysing Two Newspaper Articles Fronting The Same Subject Essays Analysing Two Newspaper Articles Fronting The Same Subject Paper Analysing Two Newspaper Articles Fronting The Same Subject Paper I am analysing two newspaper articles, one from The Daily Mirror and the other The Guardian. Both articles are revealing the next James Bond actor: Daniel Craig. The papers are written for different types of people. The Mirror is aimed at working class people and The Guardian is aimed at professional, people. Both papers use different types of language for the readers to understand. The Mirror uses simple language. For example, Id like to thank the royal marines bringing me in like that and scaring the shit out of me, this shows the actors personality. The Guardian has mixture of complex and compound sentences, this will be tougher and grittier, and the relationship bond has with the girl, Vesper Lynd, is a lot more serious than weve seen in the past. The headlines articles give different point of view about the film and actor. While the sub heading gives additional information about the actor. The Daily Mirror uses a simple sentence, His name Craig, Daniel Craig, this is a pun on Bond language and Bond fans would easily identify this device. The Guardian writes the first blond bond bursts into action in the shape of Daniel Craig, this metaphorical sentence suggests that the film is full is full of action, the use word bursts emphasise this point. Both articles use Bond specific language the names Bind, James Bond to draw the readers attention to this particular article. However, The Guardian uses more formal language telling the reader in as much detail as possible what the article is about and what it is based on. Both articles use direct speech from people associated with the film or in the film industry. The Mirror uses more entertaining language and facts, for example, I dropped what is was carrying, and went straight to the alcohol section, got a bottle of vodka and a bottle vermouth, I went right home and had a martini or two. This sentence shows the actors personality and helps to make the article more interesting. The Guardian gives more information and avoids the actors personal life. Unlike The Mirror, The Guardian gives more information about the film itself, this will be tougher than the last films. The tone of The Guardians article on the next bond film gives more information to the reader; this is reflecting the target audience, which in this article, is aimed at middle class professionals. The Daily Mirrors article also entertains the reader as it gives detail about Daniel Craigs love life; it has a lighter tone to it which helps to retain the readers attention, again responding to the target audience; it contains Bond specific language and talks more the actors personal life. This article also tells us about the way the actor was brought to the ceremony where as The Guardian doesnt give any personal information. The Guardian discusses more about the actor himself.

Pakistan History, Culture, Geography and Climate

Pakistan History, Culture, Geography and Climate The nation of Pakistan is still young, but human history in the area reaches back for tens of thousands of years. In recent history, Pakistan has been inextricably linked in the worlds view with the extremist movement of al Qaeda and with the Taliban, based in neighboring Afghanistan. The Pakistani government is in a delicate position, caught between various factions within the country, as well as policy pressures from without. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Islamabad, population 1,889,249 (2012 estimate) Major Cities: Karachi, population 24,205,339Lahore, population 10,052,000Faisalabad, population 4,052,871Rawalpindi, population 3,205,414Hyderabad, population 3,478,357All figures based on 2012 estimates. Pakistani Government Pakistan has a (somewhat fragile) parliamentary democracy. The President is the Head of State, while the Prime Minister is the Head of Government. Prime Minister Mian Nawaz Sharif  and President Mamnoon Hussain were elected in 2013. Elections are held every five years and incumbents are eligible for reelection. Pakistans two-house Parliament (Majlis-e-Shura) is made up of a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. The judicial system is a mix of secular and Islamic courts, including a Supreme Court, provincial courts, and Federal Sharia courts that administer Islamic law. Pakistans secular laws are based on British common law. All citizens over 18 years of age have the vote. Population of Pakistan Pakistans population estimate as of 2015 was 199,085,847, making it the sixth most populous nation on Earth. The largest ethnic group is the Punjabi, with 45 percent of the total population. Other groups include the Pashtun (or Pathan), 15.4 percent; Sindhi, 14.1 percent; Sariaki, 8.4 percent; Urdu, 7.6 percent; Balochi, 3.6 percent; and smaller groups making up the remaining 4.7 percent. The birth rate in Pakistan is relatively high, at 2.7 live births per woman, so the population is expanding rapidly. The literacy rate for adult women is only 46 percent, compared with 70 percent for men. Languages of Pakistan The official language of Pakistan is English, but the national language is Urdu (which is closely related to Hindi). Interestingly, Urdu is not spoken as a native language by any of Pakistans main ethnic groups and was chosen as a neutral option for communication among the various peoples of Pakistan. Punjabi is the native tongue of 48 percent of Pakistanis, with Sindhi at 12 percent, Siraiki at 10 percent, Pashtu at 8 percent, Balochi at 3 percent, and a handful of smaller language groups. Most Pakistan languages belong to the Indo-Aryan language family  and are written in a Perso-Arabic script. Religion in Pakistan An estimated 95-97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim, with the remaining few percentage points made up of small groups of Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, Parsi (Zoroastrians), Buddhists and followers of other faiths. About 85-90 percent of the Muslim population are Sunni Muslims, while 10-15 percent are Shia. Most Pakistani Sunnis belong to the Hanafi branch, or to the Ahle Hadith. Shia sects represented include the Ithna Asharia, the Bohra, and the Ismailis. Geography of Pakistan Pakistan lies at the collision point between the Indian and Asian tectonic plates. As a result, much of the country consists of rugged mountains. The area of Pakistan is 880,940 square km (340,133 square miles). The country shares borders with Afghanistan to the northwest, China to the north, India to the south and east, and Iran to the west. The border with India is subject to dispute, with both nations claiming the mountain regions of Kashmir and Jammu. Pakistans lowest point is its Indian Ocean coast, at sea level. The highest point is K2, the worlds second-tallest mountain, at 8,611 meters (28,251 feet). Climate of Pakistan With the exception of the temperate coastal region, most of Pakistan suffers from seasonal extremes of temperature. From June to September, Pakistan has its monsoon season, with warm weather and heavy rain in some areas. The temperatures drop significantly in December through February, while spring tends to be very warm and dry.   Of course, the Karakoram and Hindu Kush mountain ranges are snowbound for much of the year, due to their high altitudes. Temperatures even at lower elevations may drop below freezing during the winter, while summer highs of 40 °C (104 °F) are not uncommon. The record high is 55 °C (131 °F). Pakistani Economy Pakistan has great economic potential, but it has been hampered by internal political unrest, a lack of foreign investment, and its chronic state of conflict with India. As a result, the per capita GDP is only $5000, and 22 percent of Pakistanis live under the poverty line (2015 estimates). While GDP was growing at 6-8 percent between 2004 and 2007, that slowed to 3.5 percent from 2008 to 2013. Unemployment stands at just 6.5 percent, although that does not necessarily reflect the state of employment as many are underemployed. Pakistan exports labor, textiles, rice, and carpets. It imports oil, petroleum products, machinery, and steel. The Pakistani rupee trades at 101 rupees / $1 US (2015). History of Pakistan The nation of Pakistan is a modern creation, but people have been building great cities in the area for some 5,000 years. Five millennia ago, the Indus Valley Civilization created great urban centers at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both of which are now in Pakistan. The Indus Valley people mixed with Aryans moving in from the north during the second millennium B.C. Combined, these peoples are called the Vedic Culture; they created the epic stories upon which Hinduism is founded. The lowlands of Pakistan were conquered by Darius the Great around 500 B.C. His Achaemenid Empire ruled the area for nearly 200 years. Alexander the Great destroyed the Achaemenids in 334 B.C., establishing Greek rule as far as the Punjab. After Alexanders death 12 years later, the empire was thrown into confusion as his generals divided up the satrapies; a local leader, Chandragupta Maurya, seized the opportunity to return the Punjab to local rule. Nonetheless, Greek and Persian culture continued to exert a strong influence on what is now Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Mauryan Empire later conquered most of South Asia; Chandraguptas grandson, Ashoka the Great, converted to Buddhism in the third century B.C. Another important religious development occurred in the 8th century A.D. when Muslim traders brought their new religion to the Sindh region. Islam became the state religion under the Ghaznavid Dynasty (997-1187 A.D.). A succession of Turkic/Afghan dynasties ruled the region through 1526 when the area was conquered by Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire. Babur was a descendant of Timur (Tamerlane), and his dynasty ruled most of South Asia until 1857 ​when the British took control. After the so-called Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was exiled to Burma by the British. Great Britain had been asserting ever-increasing control through the British East India Company since at least 1757. The British Raj, the time when South Asia fell under direct control by the UK government, lasted until 1947. Muslims in the north of British India, represented by the Muslim League and its leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, objected to joining the independent nation of India after World War II. As a result, the parties agreed to a Partition of India. Hindus and Sikhs would live in India proper, while Muslims got the new nation of Pakistan. Jinnah became the first leader of independent Pakistan. Originally, Pakistan consisted of two separate pieces; the eastern section later became the nation of Bangladesh. Pakistan developed nuclear weapons in the 1980s, confirmed by nuclear tests in 1998. Pakistan has been an ally of the United States in the war on terror. They opposed the Soviets during the Soviet-Afghan war but relations have improved.

Construction Safety in the uses of Lifting Appliance (LA) and Lifting Term Paper

Construction Safety in the uses of Lifting Appliance (LA) and Lifting Gears (LG) for Foundation Works - Term Paper Example Violation of these rules may lead to accidents and injuries, especially when dealing with lifting appliances and lifting gear for foundation works. The main activities pertaining to safety in construction are: the proper organization of the construction and operations; organized storage of materials and components: the organization of the site and passes, ensuring the normal operation and emergency lighting of the working area, the organization of technical supervision of the state mechanisms, crane tracks, proper functioning of all construction equipment; a systematic coaching staff; compulsory fencing of areas and stairs, as well as rotating and moving parts of the crane, compliance with the rules of operation of the crane in accordance with the Instructions for installation and operation of lifting devices, use of alarm accordance with the rules pertaining international construction safety laws, and last but not the least, ensuring electrical safety. (Prichard, 2001) One of the mo st important documents that provide trouble-free maintenance works in construction is a project of work organization.  This project takes into account all safety measures that are indicated in the document, including heavy mechanization and labor-intensive work on horizontal and vertical transportation of materials, types of used construction materials and their placement on the site, and the inventory of the forest, scaffolding. Storage of construction materials is allowed only in areas of projected work organization .Indiscriminate storage of materials, products and equipment is prohibited.  Gaps between warehouses and piles are installed in accordance with the requirements of fire-fighting equipment. (Opfer, 2008) At the construction site, pointers driveways and walkways must be installed.  Walkways and driveways for working machines must be free: blockage of materials or waste is not allowed. The width of driveways for one-way traffic shall be not less than 4 m. Aisles bet ween stacks of building materials should be at least 1 meter in each pile should be kept only homogeneous elements. There is serious risk when using lifting gear (LG) or lifting appliances (LA), which can lead to accidents.  Therefore, the zone within which the working crane is dangerous and must be fenced. Since the handling of lifting appliances and lifting gears is a dangerous activity and can be fatal in case of an accident, safety measures concerning their management must be taken into consideration. In this paper, we will talk about Safety concern in Reversed Circulation Drilling, Crane Rotator, the risk assessment and hazards associated with LA and LG. (Prichard, 2001) Controlling LA and LG The main objective of controlling an LA or an LG is to ensure the safe movement and precise stop load-bearing body at a given height, and, if appropriate device, to ascertain the smooth supply of goods into the building. The Hoist driver manages to land the keypad, a 5 to 30 m from the b ase of the lift (depending on the height of the building), or auxiliary control panel located at a carrying a lift. (Opfer, 2008) The driver of the lifting appliance or